Psychology : core concepts

Content: Brief Table of Contents Chapter 1: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science  Chapter 2: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature  Chapter 3: Learning and Human Nurture  Chapter 4: Memory  Chapter 5: Thinking and Intelligence  Chapter 6: Development Over the Lifespan  Chapter 7: Sensation and Perception  Chapter 8: States of Consciousness  Chapter 9: Emotion and Motivation  Chapter 10: Personality: Theories of the Whole Person  Chapter 11: Social Psychology  Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders  Chapter 13: Therapies for Psychological Disorders  Chapter 14: Stress, Health, and Well-Being  Detailed Table of Contents  Chapter 1: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science  1.1 What Is Psychology -- and What Is It Not?  Psychology: It's More than You Think  Psychology is Not Psychiatry  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Thinking Critically about Psychology and Pseudopsychology  1.2 How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge?  The Five Steps of the Scientific Method  Five Types of Psychological Research  Controlling Biases in Psychological Research  Ethical Issues in Psychological Research  Questions Science Cannot Answer  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  1.3 What Are Psychology's Main Perspectives?  Separation of Mind and Body and the Modern Biological Perspective  The Founding of Scientific Psychology and the Modern Cognitive Perspective  The Behavioral Perspective: Rejection of Introspection and a Focus on Observable Behavior  Whole-Person Perspective: Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Trait & Temperament  The Developmental Perspective: Changes Arising from Nature and Nurture  The Sociocultural Perspective: The Individual in Context  The Changing Face of Psychology  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Psychology as a Major  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Facilitated Communication  Chapter 2: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature  2.1 How are Genes and Behavior Linked?  Evolution and Natural Selection  Genetics and Inheritance  PSYCHOLOGY  MATTERS: Choosing Your Children's Genes  2.2 How Does the Body Communicate Internally?  The Neuron: Building Block of the Nervous System  The Nervous System  The Endocrine System  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Nervous System  2.3 How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes?  Windows on the Brain  Three Layers of the Brain  Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex  The Cooperative Brain  Cerebral Dominance  The Split Brain: "I've Half a Mind to!"  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Left Brain vs. Right Brain  Chapter 3: Learning and Human Nurture  3.1 What Sort of Learning Does Classical Conditioning Explain?  The Essentials of Classical Conditioning  Applications of Classical Conditioning  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Taste Aversions and Chemotherapy  3.2 How Do We Learn New Behaviors By Operant Conditioning?  Skinner's Radical Behaviorism  The Power of Reinforcement  The Problem of Punishment  Operant and Classical Conditioning Compared  A Checklist for Modifying Operant Behavior  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  3.3 How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning?  Insight Learning: Kohler in the Canaries with the Chimps  Cognitive Maps: Tolman Finds out What's on a Rat's Mind  Observational Learning: Bandura's Challenge to Behaviorism  Rethinking Behavioral Learning in Cognitive Terms  Brain Mechanisms and Learning  "Higher" Cognitive Learning  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Do Different People Have Different "Learning Styles"?  Chapter 4: Memory  4.1 What is Memory?  Metaphors for Memory  Memory's Three Basic Tasks  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Would You Want a "Photographic" Memory?  4.2 How Do We Form Memories?  The First Stage: Sensory Memory  The Second Stage: Working Memory  The Third Stage: Long-Term Memory  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: "Flashbulb" Memories: Where Were You When!?  4.3 How Do We Retrieve Memories?  Implicit and Explicit Memory  Retrieval Cues  Other Factors Affecting Retrieval  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: On the Tip of Your Tongue  4.4 Why Does Memory Sometimes Fail Us?  Transience: Fading Memories Cause Forgetting  Absent-Mindedness: Lapses of Attention Cause Forgetting  Blocking: Access Problems  Misattribution: Memories in the Wrong Context  Suggestibility: External Cues Distort or Create Memories  Bias: Beliefs, Attitudes, and Opinions Distort Memories  Persistence: When We Can't Forget  The Advantages of the "Seven Sins" of Memory  Improving Your Memory with Mnemonics  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  USING PSYCHOLOGY TO LEARN PSYCHOLOGY: How to Avoid Memory Failure on Exams  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: The Recovered Memory Controversy  Chapter 5: Thinking and Intelligence  5.1 What are the Components of Thought?  Concepts  Imagery and Cognitive Maps  Thought and the Brain  Intuition  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Schemas and Scripts Help You Know What to Expect  5.2 What Abilities Do Good Thinkers Possess?  Problem Solving  Judging and Making Decisions  On Becoming a Creative Genius  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  5.3 How is Intelligence Measured?  Binet and Simon Invent a School Abilities Test  American Psychologists Borrow Binet and Simon's Idea  Problems with the IQ Formula  Calculating IQs "on the Curve"  IQ Testing Today  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: What Can You Do for an Exceptional Child?  5.4 Is Intelligence One or Many Abilities?  Psychometric Theories of Intelligence  Cognitive Theories of Intelligence  Cultural Definitions of Intelligence  Animals Can Be Intelligent--But Do They Think?  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Test Scores and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  5.5 How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups?  Intelligence and the Politics of Immigration  What Evidence Shows That Intelligence Is Influenced by Heredity?  What Evidence Shows That Intelligence is Influenced by Environment?  Heritability (Not Heredity) and Group Differences  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Stereotype Threat  USING PSCYHOLOGY TO LEARN PSYCHOLOGY: Developing Expertise in Psychology -- or Any Other Subject  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: The Question of Gender Differences  Chapter 6: Development Over the Lifespan  6.1 What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess?  Prenatal Development  The Neonatal Period: Abilities of the Newborn Child  Infancy: Building on the Neonatal Blueprint  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Psychological Traits in Your Genes  6.2 What are the Developmental Tasks of Childhood?  How Children Acquire Language  Cognitive Development: Piaget's Theory  Social and Emotional Development  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: The Puzzle of ADHD  6.3 What Changes Mark the Transition of Adolescence?  Adolescence and Culture  Physical Maturation in Adolescence  Sexual Issues in Adolescence  Cognitive Development in Adolescence  Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescence  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  6.4 What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face?  Early Adulthood: Explorations, Autonomy, and Intimacy  The Challenges of Midlife: Complexity and Generativity  Late Adulthood: The Age of Integrity  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: A Look Back at the Twin Studies  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: The Mozart Effect  Chapter 7: Sensation and Perception  7.1 How Does Stimulation Become Sensation?  Transduction: Changing Stimulation to Sensation  Thresholds: The Boundaries of Sensation  Signal Detection Theory  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Sensory Adaptation  7.2 How Are the Senses Alike? And How Are They Different?  Vision: How the Nervous System Processes Light  Hearing: If a Tree Falls in the Forest!  How the Other Senses are Like Vision and Hearing  Synesthesia: Sensations Across the Senses  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: The Experience of Pain  7.3 What is the Relationship Between Sensation and Perception?  Perceptual Processing: Finding Meaning in Sensation  Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion  Theoretical Explanations for Perception  Seeing and Believing  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Thinking Critically about Subliminal Persuasion  Chapter 8: States of Consciousness  8.1 How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes?  Tools for Studying Consciousness  Models of the Conscious and Nonconscious Minds  What Does Consciousness Do for Us?  Levels of Consciousness  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  8.2 What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?  Daydreaming  Sleep: The Mysterious Third of Our Lives  Dreaming: The Pageants of the Night  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Sleep Disorders  8.3 What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?  Hypnosis  Meditation  Psychoactive Drug States  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Dependence and Addiction  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: The Unconscious--Reconsidered  Chapter 9: Emotion and Motivation  9.1 What Do Our Emotions Do For Us?  The Evolution of Emotions  Counting the Emotions  Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Emotional Differences Between Men and Women Depend  on Both Biology and Culture  9.2 Where Do Our Emotions Come From?  The Neuroscience of Emotion  Psychological Theories of Emotion: Resolving Some Persistent Issues  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted U  9.3 How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions?  Developing Emotional Intelligence  Detecting Deception  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Controlling Anger  9.4 Motivation: What Makes Us Act As We Do?  How Psychologists Use the Concept of Motivation  Types of Motivation  Theories of Motivation  The Unexpected Effects of Rewards on Motivation  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  9.5 How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different?  Achievement Motivation  Hunger Motivation  Sexual Motivation  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: A Question of Will Power, Laughter, and Chocolate Cakes  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Do "Lie Detectors" Really Detect Lies?  Chapter 10: Personality: Theories of the Whole Person  10.1 What Forces Shape Our Personalities?  Biology and Human Nature  The Effects of Nurture: Personality and the Environment  Inside the Person: Dispositions and Mental Processes  Social and Cultural Contributions to Personality  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Explaining Unusual People and Unusual Behavior  10.2 What Persistent Patterns, or Dispositions, Make Up Our Personalities?  Personality and Temperament  Personality as a Composite of Traits  Personality Disorders  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Finding Your Type  10.3 What Mental Processes Are at Work Within Our Possibilities?  Psychodynamic Theories: Emphasis on Motivation and Mental Disorder  Humanistic Theories: Emphasis on Human Potential and Mental Health  Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning  Current Trends: The Person in a Social System  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  10.4 What "Theories" Do People Use to Understand Themselves and Others?  Implicit Personality Theories  Self Narratives: The Stories of Our Lives  The Effects of Culture on Our Views of Personality  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Developing Your Own Theory of Personality  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: The Person-Situation Controversy  Chapter 11: Social Psychology  11.1 How Does the Social Situation Affect Our Behavior?  Social Standards of Behavior  Conformity  Conformity and Independence Light Up the Brain Differently  Obedience to Authority  Cross-Cultural Tests of Milgram's Research  Some Real World Extensions of the Milgram Obedience to Authority Paradigm  The Bystander Problem: The Evil of Inaction  Need Help? Ask for It!  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: On Being "Shoe" at Yale U.  11.2 Constructing Social Reality: What Influences Our Judgments of Others?  Interpersonal Attraction  Making Cognitive Attributions  Loving Relationships  Cross-Cultural Research on the Need for Positive Self-Regard  Prejudice and Discrimination  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: The Sweet Smells of Attraction  11.3 How Do Systems Create Situations that Influence Behavior?  The Stanford Prison Experiment  Chains of System Command  Understanding The Abuses at Abu Ghraib Prison: Bad Apples or Bad Barrels?  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Is Terrorism "A Senseless Act of Violence, Perpetrated by Crazy Fanatics"?  Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders  12.1 What Is Psychological Disorder?  Changing Concepts of Psychological Disorder  Indicators of Abnormality  A Caution to Readers  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: The Plea of Insanity  12.2 How Are Psychological Disorders Classified in the DSM-IV?  Overview of the DSM-IV Classification System  Mood Disorders  Anxiety Disorders  Somatoform Disorders  Dissociative Disorders  Schizophrenia  Developmental Disorders  Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions  Gender Differences in Mental Disorders  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Shyness  12.3 What Are the Consequences of Labeling People?  Diagnostic Labels, Labeling, and Depersonalization  The Cultural Context of Psychological Disorder  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Insane Places Revisited--Another Look at the Rosenhan Study  Chapter 13: Therapies for Psychological Disorders  13.1 What Is Therapy?  Entering Therapy  The Therapeutic Alliance and the Goals of Therapy  Therapy in Historical and Cultural Context  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Paraprofessionals Do Therapy, Too.  13.2 How Do Psychologists Treat Psychological Disorders?  Insight Therapies  Behavior Therapies  Cognitive--Behavioral Therapy: A Synthesis  Evaluating the Psychological Therapies  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Where Do Most People Get Help?  13.3 How Is the Biomedical Approach Used to Treat Psychological Disorders?  Drug Therapy  Other Medical Therapies for Psychological Disorders  Hospitalization and the Alternatives  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: What Sort of Therapy Would You Recommend?  13.4 How Do The Psychological Therapies and Biomedical Therapies Compare?  Depression: Psychological vs Medical Treatment  Anxiety Disorders: Psychological vs Medical Treatment  "The Worried Well": Not Everyone Needs Drugs  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Evidence-Based Practice  Chapter 14: Stress, Health, and Well-Being  14.1 What Causes Stress?  Traumatic Stressors  Chronic Stressors  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Student Stress  14.2 How Does Stress Affect Us Physically?  Physiological Responses to Stress  Stress and the Immune System  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Drugs for Stress Relief: A Costly Defense  14.3 Who Is Most Vulnerable to Stress?  Type A Personality and Hostility  Locus of Control  Hardiness  Optimism  Resilience  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Using Psychology to Learn Psychology  14.4 How Can We Reduce the Impact of Stress on our Health?  Psychological Coping Strategies  Lifestyle Choices: A "Two-for-One" Benefit to Your Health  Putting It All Together:  Developing Happiness and Subjective Well-Being  PSYCHOLOGY MATTERS: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine  CRITICAL THINKING APPLIED: Is Change Really Hazardous to Your Health?