Optical Systems and Processes

Content: 2 Review of electromagnetic wave propagation --
2.1 Wave fronts 8 --
2.2 Phase velocity and the speed of ligh 10 --
2.3 Power and intensity 12 --
2.4 Reflection and transmission at a boundary 14 --
2.5 Stratified layers 17 --
3 Linear systems theory --
3.1 Linear systems 19 --
3.2 Fourier transformation 20 --
3.3 Singular functions 21 --
3.4 Fourier transform theorems 23 --
3.5 Frequently used functions and their Fourier transforms 26 --
3.6 Linear system response 28 --
4 Wavefront transformations --
4.1 Free-space propagation 32 --
4.1.1 The paraxial approximation 34 --
4.1.2 The free-space propagation operator 36 --
4.2 Operator relations 37 --
4.4 Refraction in dielectric materials 40 --
4.5 Thin optical elements 43 --
4.5.1 The transparency 43 --
4.5.2 The thin dielectric slab 44 --
4.5.3 The thin prism 46 --
4.5.4 The thin lens 48 --
4.5.5 Gratings 51 --
4.5.6 Mirrors as optical elements 53 --
4.6 One-dimensional operator definitions 54 --
4.7 Cylindrical lens operators 56 --
4.7.1 Transformations with the C operator 58 --
4.8 The Gaussian beam and its transformations 58 --
4.8.1 Free-space propagation of Gaussian beams 59 --
4.8.2 Lens transformations of Gaussian beams 61 --
4.9 Operator algebra --
discussion 63 --
5 Basic optical systems --
5.1 Imaging with a thin lens 68 --
5.2 Fourier transformation with a thin lens 70 --
5.3 Some aspects of geometrical optics 73 --
5.4 Applications of single lens systems 76 --
5.4.1 The single lens image projector 76 --
5.4.2 The magnifying glass 78 --
5.4.3 Applications of a single Fourier transforming system 79 --
5.5 Two lenses in free space 80 --
5.5.1 Bonnet spheres and field flattening 80 --
5.5.2 Microscope and some of its characteristics 83 --
5.5.3 The double Fourier transforming system 85 --
5.5.4 The telescope 85 --
5.5.5 An invariance property of the two-lens system 87 --
5.6 Spatial filtering and optical correlation 89 --
5.6.1 The joint transform correlator JTC 92 --
5.6.2 The matched filter 95 --
5.6.3 Bandwidth consideration 98 --
5.7 Space-variant and space-invariant systems 100 --
6 Non-ideal optical systems --
6.1 Optical systems of finite extent 106 --
6.1.1 Apertured imaging system 108 --
6.1.2 Apertured Fourier transforming system 114 --
6.1.3 Depth of focus 117 --
6.2 Real optical elements 118 --
6.2.1 Aberrations 119 --
6.2.2 Real lenses 122 --
7 Statistical aspects of light --
7.1 Interference 127 --
7.2 Mutual coherence 129 --
7.3 Self coherence 130 --
7.4 Temporal coherence 131 --
7.5 The Michelson interferometer 132 --
7.6 Spatial coherence and spatial correlation 135 --
7.7 Propagation of the coherence function 137 --
7.8 Spatial coherence from incoherent sources 138 --
7.9 Speckle patterns 141 --
7.9.1 Correlation function model of speckle patterns 143 --
7.9.2 Rigid translation 145 --
7.9.3 Free space observation 145 --
8 Interference and interferometers --
8.1 Interference fringes 156 --
8.2 Dynamic interference fringes 157 --
8.2.1 Interference of two plane waves 159 --
8.2.2 Interference between a plane wave and a spherical wave 161 --
8.3 Interferometry 161 --
8.4 Interferometers and energy conservation 162 --
8.5 The Michelson interferometer 163 --
8.5.1 Interferometric displacement measurement 163 --
8.5.2 Interferometric velocity measurement 165 --
8.5.3 Interferometric profile and phase analysis 166 --
8.6 Other double-beam interferometers 168 --
8.6.1 The Mach Zender interferometer 168 --
8.6.2 Ring interferometer 171 --
8.6.3 The Jamin interferometer 174 --
8.6.4 Beam splitters 174 --
8.6.5 The Kosters prism interferometer 176 --
8.7 Using corner cubes 176 --
8.8 Advanced interferometric procedures 178 --
8.8.1 Amplitude modulation interferometry 178 --
8.8.2 Phase shifting interferometry 180 --
8.8.3 Heterodyne interferometry 180 --
8.8.4 Multiwavelength interferometry 181 --
8.8.5 Coherence interferometer 183 --
8.9 The laser Doppler velocimeter 183 --
8.10 Multibeam interferometers 188 --
8.10.1 Elementary diffraction gratings 188 --
8.10.2 Generalized diffraction gratings 190 --
8.10.3 The grating spectroscope 192 --
8.10.4 The Fabry Perot interferometer 194 --
8.11 Self-referencing interferometers 197 --
8.11.1 Phase visualization by spatial filtering 198 --
9 Polarization --
9.1 Polarization of plane waves 201 --
9.2 Superposition of polarized waves 203 --
9.2.1 Superposition of two plane polarized waves 204 --
9.2.2 Superposition of two circularly polarized waves 205 --
9.3 Propagation in an isotropic media 206 --
9.3.1 Maxwell\'s equations in anisotropic media 207 --
9.3.2 The index ellipsoid 208 --
9.3.3 Birefringence 209 --
9.4 Basic polarization components 211 --
9.4.1 The polarizer 211 --
9.4.2 The retardation plate 214 --
9.4.3 Optical isolator 215 --
9.5 Electro-optic modulation 216 --
9.6 The Jones matrix representation 219 --
9.7 Circular birefringence 222 --
9.8 Polarization aberrations 224 --
10 Spatial light modulation --
10.1 Intensity response of a recording material 227 --
10.2 Spatial frequency response of recording materials 229 --
10.3 Diffractive optical elements 231 --
10.4 Electronic recording 232 --
10.5 Acousto-optic modulation 235 --
10.6 Two-dimensional spatial light modulators 240 --
10.6.1 Controllable birefringence 241 --
10.6.2 Deformable mirrors 242 --
10.6.3 Semiconductor modulators 242 --
11 Holography --
11.1 The holographic process 245 --
11.2 Hologram recording with plane reference wave 249 --
11.3 Spherical wave recording magnification 250 --
11.4 Wavelength changes in holography 253 --
11.5 Phase conjugation 255 --
11.6 Classification of holograms: conditions and properties 257 --
11.6.1 On-axis and off-axis holography 257 --
11.6.2 Transmission and reflection holograms 258 --
11.6.3 Object wave configurations 261 --
11.7 Hologram recording conditions 262 --
11.7.1 Coherence and stability conditions 263 --
11.7.2 Recording medium consideration 264 --
11.8 Phase holograms 264 --
11.8.1 Thermoplastic films 265 --
11.8.2 Surface relief recording 266 --
11.8.3 Photopolymers 267 --
11.8.4 Photorefractive materials 267 --
11.9 Synthetic holograms 268 --
11.10 Electronic recording 269 --
11.11 Holographic interferometry 269 --
11.11.1 Time average holographic interferometry 269 --
11.11.2 Real-time holographic interferometry 272 --
11.11.3 Double exposure holographic interferometry 275 --
11.11.4 Phase conjugate interferometry 276 --
11.12 Generalized treatment of the holographic process 278 --
12 Advanced operator algebra --
12.1 Ray transfer matrix of optical systems 287 --
12.2 The canonical operator 289 --
12.3 Integral representation of canonical operators 291 --
12.4 Wave optics and geometrical ray matrices 293 --
12.5 Canonical operator relations 296 --
12.6 Real lenses 297 --
12.7 Gaussian beam transformations 298 --
12.8 Roots and powers of optical systems 300 --
12.8.1 Matrix calculus 300 --
12.8.2 Roots and powers of specific optical systems 303 --
13 Optical information processing --
13.1 Electro-optic pattern recognition 311 --
13.2 DOE design as an optimization problem 314 --
13.2.1 Optimization algorithms an overview 316 --
13.2.2 Cost function in filter design 322 --
13.3 Transformations with cylindrical lenses 326 --
13.3.1 The variable focal length astigmatic system 326 --
13.3.2 Imaging and Fourier transformation with astigmatic systems 327 --
13.4 One-dimensional signal processing 329 --
13.4.1 The vector matrix multiplier 329 --
13.4.2 Optical interconnection network 330 --
13.4.3 Scale and coordinate transformation 331 --
13.4.4 The ambiguity function 332 --
13.4.5 Wavelet transform 333 --
13.4.6 Space-variant convolution 335 --
13.4.7 Convolution of 1D functions using the C operator 338 --
13.5 Matrix matrix multiplication 340 --
A Summary of operator relations --
A.1 Definition of basic operators 345 --
A.2 Commutation rules among the basic operators 346 --
A.2.1 Operations of the quadratic phase factor 346 --
A.2.2 Operations by the linear phase factor 347 --
A.2.3 Operations of the scaling operator 347 --
A.2.4 Operations of the shift operator 348 --
A.2.5 Operations by the FT operator 348 --
A.2.6 Operations by the FPO 348 --
A.2.7 Other useful relations 349 --
A.3 Normalized operator relations 349.