Ancient Civilizations

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
PART I Background
	1 The Study of Civilization
		What is a \"Civilization\"?
		Comparing Civilizations
		Civilizations and Their Neighbors
		\"Primary\" and \"Secondary\" Civilizations
		The Rediscovery of Ancient Civilizations
	2 Theories of States
		Historical and Anthropological Perspectives
		Four Classic Theories for the Emergence of State Societies
		Coercive versus Voluntaristic Theories
		Cultural Systems and Civilization
		Ecological Theories
		Social Theories
		Cycling Chiefdoms: Processes and Agents
		The Collapse of Civilizations
		Civilization and Sustainability
		Western and Indigenous Science
PART II The First Civilizations
	3 Mesopotamia: The First Cities (3500—2000 B.C.)
		The Setting
		Irrigation and Alluvium: Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, and Ubaid (6500—4200 B.C.)
		The Uruk Revolution
		The Early Dynastic Period (2900—2350 B.C.)
		The Akkadian Empire (2334—2230 B.C.)
		Imperial Ur (2112—2004 B.C.)
		Wider Horizons (2500—2000 B.C.)
	4 Egyptian Civilization
		Kmt: \"The Black Land\"
		Origins (5000—2920 B.C.)
		The Archaic Period (2920—2680 B.C.): Kingship, Writing, and Bureaucracy
		The Old Kingdom (c. 2680—2134 B.C.): Territorial and Divine Kingship
		The First Intermediate Period (2134—2040 B.C.)
		The Middle Kingdom (2040—1640 B.C.): The Organized Oasis
		The Second Intermediate Period (1640—1550 B.C.)
		The New Kingdom (1550—1070 B.C.): Imperial Kings
		The Decline of Egypt (after 1100 B.C.)
	5 South Asia: Indus and Later Civilizations
		The Origins of Village Life and the Rise of the Indus Civilization (before 2500 B.C.)
		Mature Harappan Civilization (c. 2500—2050 B.C.)
		Rural Interlude (2000—600 B.C.)
		Early Historic Cities (600— 150 B.C.)
	6 The First Chinese Civilizations
		Setting
		Millet and Rice (c. 7000—4500 B.C.)
		Symbolism in the Middle Neolithic (4500—2700 B.C.)
		Elite Traditions in the Longshan Phase (2700—2000 B.C.)
		Three Dynasties: Xia, Bhang, and Zhou (before 2000 B.C.—1046 B.C.)
		The Western Zhou Period (1046—771 B.C.)
PART III Great Powers in the Near East
	7 Near Eastern Kingdoms (2000—1200 B.C.)
		Bronze Age Cities in Anatolia (2000—1700 B.C.)
		The Struggle for Mesopotamia (2000—1800 B.C.)
		The World of the Mari Letters (1810—1750 B.C.)
		The Emergence of Babylon and the Old Babylonian Period (2004-1595 B.C.)
		The Rise of the Hittites (1650-1400 B.C.)
		Egypt and Mitanni: War in the Levant (1550—1400 B.C.)
		The Hittites in the Levant (1400—1200 B.C.)
		The Hittites in Anatolia (1400—1200 B.C.)
		Mesopotamia and Iran (1400—1200 B.C.)
	8 The Near East in the First Millennium B.C.
		A Reordered World (1200—1000 B.C.)
		The Mediterranean Coastlands (1000—700 B.C.)
		The Archaeology of Empire
		Assyria Resurgent (911-680 B.C.)
		The Mountain Kingdom of Urartu (c. 830—600 B.C.)
		The Assyrian Apogee (680—612 B.C.)
		The Nee-Babylonian Empire (612—539 B.C.)
		Phrygians and Lydians (eighth century—500 B.C.)
		The Rise of the Persians (614-490 B.C.)
PART IV The Mediterranean World
	9 The First Aegean Civilizations
		The Aegean Early Bronze Age (3200—2100 B.C.)
		Mainland Greece and the Cycladic Islands
		Minoan Civilization: The Palace Period (2100—1450 B.C.)
		Crete and Its Neighbors
		Mycenaean Greece (1600—1050 B.C.)
		After the Palaces: Postpalatial Greece (1200—1050 B.C.)
	10 The Mediterranean World in the First Millennium (1000—30 B.C.)
		The Recovery of Greece (1000—750 B.C.)
		Phoenicians and Carthaginians (1000—750 B.C.)
		The Greek Colonies (800—600 B.C.)
		Etruscan Italy (900—400 B.C.)
		Archaic Greece (750—480 B.C.)
		Three Greek Cities: Athens, Corinth, Sparta
		Classical Greece (480—323 B.C.)
		Sequel: The Hellenistic World
	11 Imperial Rome
		The Roman Republic (510—31 B.C.)
		The Early Roman Empire (31 B.C.—A.D. 235)
		The Culture of Empire
		The Military Establishment
		Arteries of Empire: Roads and Sea-Lanes
		Cities
		The End of the Ancient World
PART V Northeast Africa and Asia
	Introduction: The Erythraean Sea
	12 Northeast Africa: Kush, Meroe, and Aksum
		Nubia and the Middle Nile
		Camels and Monsoons
		Meroe (c. 350 B.C.—A.D. 300)
		Aksum (A.D. 100—1100)
	13 Divine Kings in Southeast Asia
		The Rise of States in Southeast Asia (c. 2000 B.C.—A.D. 150)
		The Angkor State (A.D. 802—1430)
	14 Kingdoms and Empires in East Asia (770 B.C.—A.D. 700)
		Society Transformed: The Eastern Zhou Period (770—221 B.C.)
		The First Chinese Empire (221—206 B.C.)
		The Han Empire (206 B.C.—A.D. 220)
		Secondary States: Korea and Japan
PART VI Early States in the Americas
	15 Lowland Mesoamerica
		Mesoamerica
		Village Farmers (c. 7000—2000 B.C.)
		Preclassic: The Olmec (1500—500 B.C.)
		Preclassic Maya Civilization (before 1000 B.C.—A.D. 200)
		Classic Maya Civilization (A.D. 200—900)
		The Ninth-Century Collapse
		Postclassic Maya Civilization (A.D. 900—1517)
	16 Highland Mesoamerica
		The Rise of Highland Civilization (2000—500 B.C.)
		Monte Albán (900 B.C.—A.D. 750)
		Teotihuacán (200 B.C.—A.D. 750)
		The Toltecs (c. A.D. 900—1200)
		The Rise of Aztec Civilization (A.D. 1200—1519)
		The Spanish Conquest (A.D. 1517—1521)
	17 The Foundations of Andean Civilization
		The Andean World: Poles of Civilization
		The Precemmic Period (3000—1800/1200 B.C.)
		The \"Maritime Foundations\" Hypothesis
		The Initial Period (1800—800 B.C.)
	18 Andean States (200 B.C.—A.D. 1534)
		The Early Intermediate Period (200 B.C.—A.D. 600)
		North Coast: Moche Civilization (A.D. 100—700)
		Southern Pole: Nazca (A.D. 100—c. A.D. 700)
		The Middle Horizon: The First Highland States (A.D. 600—1000)
		The Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1000—1400)
		The Late Horizon: The Inka Empire (A.D. 1476—1534)
		The Spanish Conquest (A.D. 1532—1534)
	19 Epilogue
		Similar but Different
		Interconnectedness
		Volatility
		The Stream of Time
Guide to Further Reading
References
Index